Geography 411/811 Reading List

Alestalo, J.. 1971. Dendrochronological interpretation of geomorphic processes. Fennia 105: 1-140.

Alexander, C.S. & L.W. Price. 1980. Radiocarbon dating of the rate of movement of two solifluction lobes in the Ruby Range, Yukon Territory. Quaternary Research 13: 365-379.

Anderson, E.Q. and Finlayson, B.. 1975. Instruments for measuring soil creep. British Geomorphological Research Group, Technical Bull. No. 16.

Andrews, J.T.. 1971. Techniques of till fabric analysis. British Geomorphological Research Group, Technical Bull. No. 6.

Andrews, J.T. & P.J. Weber. 1964. A lichenometrical study of the north-western margin of the Barnes Ice Cap: A geomorphological technique. Geography Bulletin (Ottawa) 22: 80-104.

Anon.. 1982. Prototype Designs For Surveys And Measurement In An Aquatic Environment 1980. Technical Bulletin Series, En36-503/123.

Anon.. 1981. Climate from Tree-rings. Weather Vol.36(1) pp22-23

Bannister, Bryant. 1963. Dendrochronology. In: Science and Archaeology , Brothwell,D, and Higgs,E. (eds),New York, Basic Books Inc. pp162-176

Bergsma, E.. 1980. Method of a reconnaissance survey of erosion hazard near Merida, Spain. De Boodt, M. & D. Gabriels (eds.), Assessment Of Erosion; John Wiley & Sons, pp. 55-66.

Beschel, R.E.. 1958. Lichenometric Studies In West Greenland. Arctic 11: 254-?

Beschel, R.E.. 1960. Dating rock surfaces by lichen growth and its application to glaciology and physiography (lichenometry). Raasch, G.O. (ed.), Geology of the Arctic, University of Toronto press, pp. 1044-1062.

Beschel, R.E. & D. Webb. 1962. Growth ring studies on Arctic willows, Axel Heiberg Island. Preliminary report, pp. 1-10.

Bircher, W.. 1639. Dendrochronology applied in mountain regions. Berglund, B.E. (ed.), Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., pp. 387-403.

Birkemeier, U.A.. 1981. Fast, Accurate Two-person Beach Surveys. US Army Coastal Engineering Research Center, Coastal Engineering Techincal Aid 81-11, 17 pp.

Boorman, L.A. and S.R.J. Woodell. 1966. The topograph, an instrument for measuring microtopography. Ecology 47: 869-870.

Booz, Allen & I. Hamilton. n.a.. State-of-the-Art research bibliography on mapping and surveying. Harvard Papers on Geographic Information Systems, pp. 183-195.

Bormann,F.H. and Kozlowski,T.J.. 1962. Measurments of Tree-ring Growth with Dial Gage Dendrometers and Vernier Tree-ring Bands. Ecology Vol.43(3) pp289-294

Bowden, G.W.. 1986. Field topographic surveys and digital terrain models. Singhal, R.K. (ed.), Geotenical Stability In Surface Mining; Proc. symposium, Calgary, pp. 409-411.

Braethen,A.. 1980. Tree-ring Growth and Temperature. In: On Climate Changes and Related Problems. Proceedings of the Nordic Symposium Copanhagen April 1978 Star Vol.18(17)

Bray,J.R. and Struik,G.J.. 1963. Forest Growth and Glacial Chronology in Western British Columbia and Thier relation to Recent Climatic Trends. Canadian Journal of Botany Vol.41 pp1245-1271

Brinker, R.C.. 1969. The Transit. Brinker, R.C. (ed.), Elementary Surveying (5th ed), International Textbook Co., Chapter 8.

Brinker, R.C.. 1969. Elementary Surveying, 5th Edition. International Textbook Company.

Brown, D.H., D.L. Hawksworth & R.H. Bailey. 1976. Lichenology: Progress And Problems. NA

Brown, James K.. 1974. Handbook For Inventorizing Downed Woody Material. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-16, Intermt. Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah.

Brubaker,L.B. and Cook,E.R.. 1984. Tree-ring Studies of Holocene Environments. In: Late Quaternary Environments of the United States Vol.2 Editor H.E. Wright Jr. pp222-235

Burgess, Margo. 1985. Permafrost: Large-scale research at Calgary and Caen. Geos 14(2): 19-22.

Burnside, C.D.. 1982. Electromagnetic Distance Measurement. Granada Publishing, London, 204 pp.

Burrows, C.J. & V.L. Burrows. 1976. Procedures For The Study Of Snow Avalanche Chronology Using Growth Layers Of Woody Plants. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Occasional Paper No. 23, 55 pp.

Butzer, K.W.. 1964. Environment And Archeology - An Introduction To Pleistocene Geography. NA

Calkin, P.E. & J.M. Ellis. 1980. A lichenometric dating curve and its application to Holocene glacier studies in the Central Brooks Range, Alaska. A&A Research 12(3): 245-264.

Capon, L.B.. 1984. Linear regression - a surveyor's approach. Australian Surveyor 32(1): 35-44.

Cararra, P.E. & T.R. Carroll. 1979. The determination of erosion rates from exposed tree roots in the Piceance Basin, Colorado. Earth Surface Processes 4(4): 302-317.

Carrara, P.E.. 1979. The determining of snow avalanche frequency through tree-ting analysis and historical records of Ophir, Colorado. GSA Bull. 90(1) 773-780.

Carroll, T.. 1974. Relative age dating techniques and a late Quaternary chronology, Airkarie Cirque, Colorado. Journal of Geology 2(7): 321-.

Chamberlin, T.W.. 1980. Aquatic survey terminology. Chamberlin, T.W. (ed.), Ministry of the environment, B.C., Tech. Rpt. 2, APD.

Christian, C.S. & G.A. Stewart. 1968. Methodology Of Integrated Surveys. Aerial Surveys and Integrated Studies, Paris: USESCO.

Colcord, J.E.. 1957. The TAF phototheodolite and its use in Glacier Surveys. Photogramm. Eng. 23(3): 552-557.

Cropper,J.P. and Fritts,H.C.. 1981. Tree-ring Width Chronologies From the North American Arctic. Arctic and Alpine Research Vol.13(3) pp245-260

Cross, P.A.. 1985. Inertial surveying: principles, methods and accuracy. Journal of Remote Sensing 6(10): 1585-1598.

Cuns, J.B.. 1934. Increment corer and core technique. Journal of Forestry 32:368-9.

Curry, R.. 1967. On the use of vegetation to date land surfaces. Field methods for the study of slope and fluvial processes, pp. 168-169., Revue Geomorph. Dyn. 17: 146-188.

Curtis, L.F. & S. Trudgill. 1975. The Measurement Of Soil Moisture. Br. Geomorph. Res. Group Technical Bulletin No. 13, GeoAbs, Norwich, England.

Czaplewski, Raymond L. & Paul W. Snook. 1985. Evaluating Use Of An Ultrasound Device To Measure Distances To Foliar And Woody Targets. USDA Forest Service Reserach Note RM-461, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado, 3 pp.

Daniel, Esko. 1986. Geological survey mapping. Berglund, E.B. (ed.), Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 195-201.

Daubenmire,R.F.. 1945. An Improved Type of Dendrometer. Ecology Vol.26 pp97-98

Davis, R.E., F.S. Foote, J.M. Anderson & E.M. Milchail. 1981. Surveying Theory And Practice. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 992 pp.

Davis,A.M.. 1984. Dating With Pollen: Methodology, Applications and Limitations.. In: Quaternary Dating Methods, Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy 7 (Mahaney,W.C. ed.) pp283-298

De Ploey, J.. 1980. Some field measurements and experimental data on wind-blown sands. De Boodt, M. & D. Gabriels (eds.), Assessment Of Erosion; John Wiley & Sons, pp. 541-552.

Demek, J. & C. Embleton (eds.). 1978. Guide To Medium-Scale Geomorphological Mapping. I.G.U. Commision on Geomorphological Survey and Mapping.

Douglas, I.. 1969. Field Methods Of Water Hardness Determination. BGRG Technical Bulletin No. 1.

Douglass, A.E.. 1920. Evidence of Climatic Effects in the Annual Rings of Trees. Ecology, Vol. 1 pp23-32

Douglass,A.E.. 1941. Notes on the Technique of Tree-ring Analysis,II. Tree-ring Bulletin Vol.7 pp28-34 (see also Vol.7 pp2-8)

Dowdeswell, J.A.. 1982. Relative dating of Late Quaternary deposits using cluster and discriminant analysis, Audubon Cirque, Colorado Front Range. Boreas 11(2): 151-161.

Dreimanis, A.. 1978. Dating methods of Pleistocene deposits and their problems: 1. thermoluminescene dating. Geoscience Canada 5(2): 55-60.

Duvick,D.N. and Blasing,T.J.. 1981. A Dendroclimatic Reconstruction of Annual Precipitation amounts in Iowa Since 1680. Water Resources Research Vol.17(4) pp1183-1189

Dyer,T.G.J. and Curtis,B.. 1978. Analysis of Tree rings and Climatic Changes. South African Journal of Science Vol.74(5) pp176-178

Edlund, S.A.. 1987. Plants: Living weather stations. Geos 16(2): 10-14.

Einarsson, Thorleifur. 1986. Tephrochronology. Berglund, E.B. (ed.), Handbook Of Holocene Palaeoecology And Palaeohydrology, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 329-341.

Evans,L.J.. 1081. Dating Methods of Pleistcene Deposits and their Problems: Paleosols.. Geoscience Canada. Vol.9(3):155-160

Ferguson,C.W.. 1970. Concepts and Techniques of Dendrochronology. In: Scientific Methods in Medieval Archaeology (R.Berger ed.) pp183-200, University of California Press Berkeley

Ford, J.S. (ed.). 1984. Prototype designs for surveys and measurements in an aquatic environment, 1982. Environment Canada, Hydraulics Division, National Water Research Institute, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington; NWRI Contribution 84-25, 41 pp.

Fritts, H.C.. 1976. Tree Rings and Climate. Academic Press, London.

Fritts, H.C.. 1971. Dendroclimatology and dendroecology. Quaternary Research 1: 419-449.

Fritts, H.C., G.R. Lofgren & G.A. Gordon. 1979. Variations in climate since 1602 as reconstructed from tree rings. Quaternary Research 12: 18.

Fritts, H.C., T.J. Blasing, B.P. Hayden & J.E. Kutzbach. 1971. Multivariate techniques for specifying tree growth and climate relationships and for the reconstructing anomalies in palaeoclimate. Journal of Applied Meteorology 10(5): 845-864.

Gardiner, V. & R.V. Dackombe. 1977. A simple method for the field measurement of slope profiles. Short Technical Notes (2), Br. Geomorph. Res. Gr., Tech. Bull. 18, GeoAbs., Norwich, pp. 9-18.

Gardiner, V. and Dackombe, R.V.. 1981. Geomorphological Field Manual. Allen & Unwin

Gardiner, V. and Dackombe, R.V.. 1977. A simple method for the field measurement of slope profiles. BGRG Tehnical Bulletin No.18: 9-18

Gerrard, A.J.W. & D.A. Robinson. 1971. Variability in slope measurements. Trans Inst Br. Geogr. 54: 45-54.

Gerrard, A.J.W. and Robinson, D.A.. 1971. Variability in slope measurements: a discussion of the effects of different recording intervals and micro-relief in slope studies. Trans. Inst. British Geogr., 54: 45-54

Ghent, A.W.. 1954. Treatment of decayed wood for growth-ring analysis.

Glendinning, J.. 1960. Principles of Surveying. ?

Glenn, D.M.. 1973. Vegetation analysis of maximum avalanche width. In Madole, R.F. (ed.), Evaluation of the Snow Avalanche Hazard in the Valley of Gore Creek, Eagle County, Colorado, Unpubl. Report submitted to the town of Vail, Colorado.

Glock, W.S.. 1937. Principles & Methods Of Tree Ring Analysis. Carnegie Inst. Wash, Publ. 486, 100 pp.

Goudie, A. (ed). 1981. Geomorphological Techniques. Allen and Unwin, 395 pp.

Griffiths, J.C.. 1959. Size and shape of rock fragments in Tuscarora Scree, Fishing Creek, Lamar, central Pennsylvania. J. Sedim. Petrol. 29(3): 391-401.

Griffiths, J.C.. 1967. Scientific Method In Analysis Of Sediments. McGraw-Hill, New York, 508 pp.

Gruspier, J.E,. 1987. Development Of A Ground Resistivity Technique For Locating Buried Granular Deposits. Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Research and Development Branch, 115 pp.append

Hall, S.A. & C. Lintz. 1984. Buried trees, water table flucuations, and 3000 years of changing climate in west-central Oklahoma. Quaternary Research 22(1): 129-133.

Hanoch, W.E.. 1971. Data On Height, Frequency Of Floods, Ice Jamming And Climate From Tree-Ring Studies. Technical report 5 to Glaciology Division, Water Resources Branch Department of the Environment.

Hanwell, J.D. & M.D. Newson. 1973. Techniques In Physical Geography. MacMillan.

Harbor, J.M.. 1986. A comment on certain multivariate techniques used in the analysis of late Quaternary relative age data. Progress in physical geography 10(2): 215-225.

Harmon, R.S., D.C. Ford & H.P. Schwartz. 0. Interglacial chronology of the Rocky and Mackenzie Mountains based on 230Th-240U dating of calcite speleothems. Can. J. Earh Sci. 14: 2453-2552.

Harry,J.,Smith,G. and Worral,John (editors).. Tree-ring analysis with Special Reference to Northwest America. University of B.C. Fac. of Forestry Bull. No.7 pp55-56

Haward, J.A. & C.W. Mitchell. 1985. Phytogeomorphology. Wiley, 222 pp.

Haynes, R.. 1982. Environmental Science Methods. Chapman & Hall, 404 pp.

Heath, J.P.. 1959. Dating Chaos Jumbles, an avalanche-deposit in Lassen Volcanic National Park. American Journal of Science 257: 537-538.

Heikkenen, H.J.. 1984. Tree-ring patterns: a key-year technique for cross-dating. Journal of Forestry 82(5): 302-305.

Henoch, W.E.S. & M.L. Parker. 1972. Dendrochronological stuides relating to climate, river discharge, and flooding in several regions of Western Canada. Adams, W.C. & Helleiner, F.M. (eds.), 22nd International Geographical Congress, Canada, University of Toronto Press, pp. 231-233.

High, R. and Hanna, F.K.. 1970. A method for the direct measurement of erosion on rock surfaces. British Geomorphological Research Group, Technical Bull. No. 5.

Hills, R.C.. 1970. The Determination of the Infiltration Capacity of Field Soils Using the Cylinder Infiltrometer. Brit. Geomorph. Res. Group Technical Bulletin 3, 25 p.

Hopkins, D.M., P.A. Smith & J.V. Matthews. 1981. Dated wood from Alaska and the Yukon: Implicaions for forest refuge in Buingia. Quaternary Research 15: 217-249.

Innes, J.L.. 1985. Lichenometric dating of debris-flow deposits on alpine colluvial fans in southwest Norway. Earth Surf Proc & Land 10(5): 519-524.

Innes, J.L.. 1985. Lichenometry. Progress in Physical Geography 9(2): 187-254.

Innes, J.L.. 1985. An examination of some factors affecting the largest lichens on a substrate. AAR 17(1): 98-106.

Jackson, L.E.,Jr.. 1977. Dating and recurrence frequency of prehistoric mudflows near Big Sur, Monterey County, California. J. Research, USGS 5(1): 17-32.

Jackson, T.A. & W.D. Keller. 1970. A comparative study of the rate of lichens and "inorganic" processes in the chemical weathering of recent Hawaiian lava flows. American Journal of Science 269: 446-466.

Jacobson,G.L. and Bradshow,R.H.W.. 1981. The Selection of Sites for Palaeoenvironmental Studies.. Quaternary Research Vol.16:80-96

Johansen, D.A.. 1940. Plant Microtechnique. McGraw-Hill, N.Y. pp. 194-195.

Jones, P.A.. 1968. Field Work in Geography. Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., London.

Jones, P.D., K.R. Briffa & J.R. Pilcher. 1984. Riverflow reconstruction from tree rings in southern Britian. Journal of Climatology 4(5): 461-472.

Karlen, W.. 1984. Dendrochronology, mass balance and glacier front fluctuations in northern Sweden. Climatic Changes On A Yearly To Millennial Basis, D. Reidel Pub., Proc. of the second Nordic symposium on climatic changes and related problems, Stockholm, Sweden, May 16-20, 1983. pp. 263-271.

Kase, J.C.. 1935. Stain reveals growth rings. Journal of Forestry 33:887.

King, C.A.M.. 1971. Geometrical forms in geomorphology. Int. J. Mathematical Education, Science and Technology 2: 153-169.

King, C.A.M.. 1956. Scree Profiles In Iceland. Int. Geogr. Union, 1st Report of the Comm. for the Study of Slopes, Rio De Janeiro, 155 pp.

King, C.A.M.. 1975. Techniques In Geomorphology. Edward Arnold, London, 342 pp.

King, C.A.M.. 1974. Morphometry in glacial geomorphology. Coates, D.K. (ed.), Glacial Geomorphology, Binghampton, New York, SUNY, pp. 147-162.

King, C.A.M. & J.T. Beckley. 1968. The analysis of stone size and shape in arctic environments. J. Sedim. Petrol. 38: 200-214.

Klassen, R.W.. 1985. Relative age dating methods applied to till surfaces in southwestern Saskatchewan. Barendregt, R.W. (ed.), CANQUA Symposium on the Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Late Wisconsian Deglaciation and the Holocene (Program-with-Abstracts and Field Guide), p. 36.

Kozlowski,T.T.. 1979. Tree Growth and Environmental Stresses. University of Washington Press, Seattle 192p

Krumbein, W.C.. 1937. Sediments and experiments. J. Geol. 45: 577-601.

Krumbein, W.C.. 1939. Preferred orientation of pebbles in sedimentary deposits. J. Geol. 67(7): 673-706.

Krumbein, W.C.. 1941. The effect of abrasion on the size, shape and roundness of rock fragments. J. Geol. 49: 482-520.

Krumbein, W.C.. 1941. Measurement and geological significance of shape and roundness of sedimentary particles. J.Sedimentary Petrology 11: 64-72.

LaMarche, V.C.. 1974. Palaeoclimatic inferences from long tree-ring records. Science 183: 1043-1048.

Leopold, L.B. & W.V. Emmett. 1972. Some rates of geomorphological processes. Geogr. Pol. 23: 5-9.

Leopold, L.B. and Dunne, J.. 1971. Field methods for hillslope description. British Geomorphological Research Group, Technical Bull. No. 7.

Lock, W.W., Andrews, J.T. and Webber, P.J.. 1980. A Manual for Lichenometry. BGRG Technmical Bulletin No.26

Long, G.H.. 1981. Retracement surveys in Pacific northwest coast range. Journal of the Surveying and Mapping Division, ASCE, 107(SU1), Proceeding Paper 16659: 45-58.

Lounsbury, J.F. and Aldrich, F.T.. 1986. Introduction to Geographic Field Methods and Techniques. Merrill, Columbus.

Lowe,J.J. and Walker,M.J.C.. 1984. Reconstructing Quaternary Environments. longman,New York

Luckman, B.H.. 1977. Lichenometric dating of Holocene moraines at Mount Edith Cavell, Jasper, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 14(8): 1809-1822.

Luckman, B.H. et al.. 1985. Proxy climate data from tree rings at Lake Louise, Alberta: a preliminary report. Geographie Physique et Quaternaire 39(2): 127-140.

Luckman,B.H.,Jozsa,L.A. and Murphy,P.HJ.. 1984. Living 700-year-old Picea engelmanni and Pinus albicaulis in the Canadian Rockies. Arctic and Alpine Research Vol.16(4) pp419-422

Madole, R.F.. 1974. Quaternary research methodologies applied to delimiting natural hazrads in mountainous Colorado. Mahaney, W.C. (ed.), Quaternary Environments: Proc. of A Symposium, York Univ., Geogr. Monography no. 5: 79-98.

Mahaney, W.C.. 1986. Dating methods. Progress in Physical Geography 10(4): 576-578.

Mahaney, W.C. (ed.). 1982. Quaternary Dating Methods Symposium. York University, Toronto

Mahaney, W.C. (ed.). 1984. Quaternary Dating Methods. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 431 pp.

Maizels, J.K. & A.J. Dugmore. 1985. Lichenometric dating and tephrochronology of sandur deposits, Solheimajokull area, southern Iceland. Jokull 35:69-77

Matthews, J.A.. 1982. Soil dating and glacier variations: a reply to Wibjorn Karlen. Geografiska Annaler, Series A 64(1-2): 15-20.

Matthews, J.A.. 1984. Limitations of C14 dates from buried soils in reconstructing glacier variations and Holocene climate. Climatic Changes On A Yearly To Millennial Basis, D. Reidel Pub., Proc. of the second Nordic symposium on climatic changes and related problems, Stockholm, Sweden, May 16-20, 1983. pp. 281-290.

McCraig, M.. 1982. Some Comments On Research Design In Field Process Studies. University of Leeds, School of Geography, Working Paper 330, 15 pp.

Mears, A.I.. 1976. Gudielines and Methods for Detailed Snow Avalanche Hazard Investigations in Colorado. Colorado Geol. Serv. Bulletin 38, 125 pp.

Median, Alvin. 1984. A Profile Meter for Obtaining Surface Relief and Substrate Measurement in Streams. USDA Forest Service

Milne, P.H.. 1984. Basic Programs for Land Surveying. New York: E. & F.N. Spon, 442 p.

Moseley, F.. 1981. Methods in Field Geology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Mott,R.J.. 1971. Radiocarbon Dates from Saskatchewan. Geological Survay of Canada Paper 71-1b:126-128

Naeser, N.D., J.A. Westgate, O.L. Hughes & T.L. Pewe. 1982. Fission-track ages of late Cenozoic distal tephra beds in the Yukon Territory and Alasksa. Can. J. Earth Sci. 19(1): 2167-2178.

Nettleship, J.. 1985. Fieldwork Design: A Geographical Approch. Causeway Press Ltd., Ormskirk, Lancashire, 52 pp.

Nikonov, A.A. & T.Y. Shebalina. 1979. Lichenometry and earthquake age determination in central Asia. Nature 280(5724): 675-677.

Olsson, I.V., B. Holmgren & E. Skye. 1984. Questions arising when using lichen for C14 measurements in climatic studies. Climatic Changes On A Yearly To Millennial Basis, D. Reidel Pub., Proc of the secon Nordic symposium on climatic changes and related problems, Stockholm, Sweden, May 16-20, 1983. pp. 303-308.

Olsson, Ingrid U.. 1986. Radiometric dating. Berglund, E.B. (ed.), Handbook Of Holocene Palaeoecology And Palaeohydrology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 273-312.

Osborn, G. & J. Taylor. 1974. Lichenometry on calcareous substrates in the Canadian Rockies. Quat. Res. 8: 111-120.

Osborne, F.F. (ed.). 1964. Geochronology in Canada. Notes On The Pleistocene Time-Scale In Canada, pp. 139.

Paiva, J.V.R.. 1986. Data Collectors In Surveying Practice. ASP-ASCM Convention, Vol. 2.

Parker, M.L.. 1971. Dendrochronological Techniques Used By The Geological Survey Of Canada.

Parker,M.L.,Tozsa,L.A.,Johnson,S.G. and Bramhall,P.A.. 1984. Tree-ring Dating in Canada and the Northwestern U.S.. In: Quaternary Dating Methods W.C. Mahaney (ed) (Elsevier), Developments in Paleontology and Stratigraphy & pp211-225

Pilcher, J.R., Ballie, B., Schmidt, B. and Becker, B.. 1984. A 7272-year tree-ring chronology for western Europe. Nature, 312(5990): 150-152

Pitty, A.E.. 1967. Some problems in selecting a ground-surface length for slope-angle measurement. Revue de Geomorphologie dynamique 17: 66-71.

Pitty, A.F.. 1968. A simple device for the field measurement of hillslopes. Journal of Geology, 76: 717-720

Potter, N.. 1969. Tree-ring dating of snow avalanche tracks and the geomorpic activity of avalanches, northern Sbsaroka Mountains, Wyoming. GSA Special Paper 123: 141-165.

Reineke, L.H.. 1941. A new increment core instrument & coring wrinkles. Journal of Forestry 39: 304-309.

Robison, R.. 1984. Surveying's new promise: centimeters from space. Civil Engineering - ASCE, 54(2): 36-40

Rutter, N.W.. 1968. A Method For Predicting Soil Erosion In The Rocky Moutain Forest Reserve, Alberta. Geological Survey of Canada, Dept. of Energy Mines and Resources, Paper 67-67, 32 pp.

Saarnisto, Matti. 1986. Annually laminated lake sediments. Berglund, E.B. (ed.), Handbook Of Holocene Palaeoecology And Palaeohydrology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 343-370.

Schroder, John F., Jr.. 1980. Dendrochronology: Review and new techniques of tree-ring dating. Progress in Physical Geography 4(2): 161-188.

Schulman,Edmond. 1937. Selection of Trees for Climatic Study. Tree-ring Bulletin Vol.3 pp22-23

Scott, E.M., M.S. Bexter & T.C. Hitchison. 1984. A comparison of the treatment errors in radiocarbon dating calibration methods. Journal of Archaeological Science 11(6): 455-466.

Scott, J.S. and St. Onge, D.A.. 1969. Guide to the Discription of Till. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 68-6, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources

Sebert, L.M.. 1985. Mapping With Simple Instruments. Pendragon House Ltd., Mississauga, Ont.

Shroder, J.F.. 1976. Dendrogeomorphological analysis of mass movement on Table Cliffs Plateau, Utah. Quat. Res. 9: 168-185.

Shroder, Jr., John F.. 1980. Dendrogeomorphology: review and new techniques of tree-ring dating. Progress in Physical Geography 4(2): 161-188.

Smyth, Dand. 1981. David Thompson's surveying instruments and methods in the northwest, 1790-1812. Cartographica 18(4): 1-17.

Sterr, H.. 1985. Rates of change and degradation of hillslopes formed in unconsolidated materails: a morphometric approach to date Quaternary fault scarps in western Utah, USA. Zeit Geomorph 29(3):315-333

Stockton, C.W. and Meko. David.M.. 1975. A Long term History of Drought Occurrence in Western United States as Inferred from Tree-rings. Weatherwise Vol.28(6) pp 244-249

Stoddard, R.H.. 1982. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa.

Stokes,M.A. and Smiley,T.L.. 1968. An Introduction to Tree-ring Dating. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 73p

Stork, A.. 1963. Plant immigration in front of retreating glaciers with examples from the Kebnekajse area, northern Sweden. Geogr. Ann. 45: 1-22.

Stout, M.L.. 1969. Radiocarbon Dating Of Landslides In Southern California And Engineering Geology Implications. Schumm, S.A. & W.C. Bradley (eds.), United States Contributions to Quaternary Research, Geol. Soc. Amer. Special Paper 123: 167-?

Takahashi, N. 1986. Radiocarbon ages for three landslides in the mountains southwest of Sapporo, Hokkaido. Geographical review of Japan 59(2): 98-107.

Terasmae, J.. 1975. Dating of landslides in the Ottawa River Valley by Dendrochronology: A brief comment. Yatsu, E., A.J. Ward & F. Adams (eds.), Mass Wasting, Proc. 4th Guslph Symp. on Geomrphology, pp. 153-158.

Terzaghi, R.D.. 1965. Sources of error in joint surveys. Geotech. 15: 287-304.

Teskey, W.F. & L. Gruendig. 1985. Improving the quality of traverses. Canadian Surveyor 39(3): 211-222.

Toy, T.J.. 1977. Erosion: Research Techniques, Erodibility, And Sediment Delivery. Geo. Books, Norwich, England.

Valentine, K.W.G.. 1981. How soil map units and delineations change with survey intensity and map scale. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 61(4): 535-551.

Valentine, K.W.G. & A. Lidstone. 1985. Specifications for soil survey intensity (survey order 0 in Canada). Can. J. Soil Sci. 65: 543-553.

Vireck, L.A.. 1968. Botanical dating of recent glacial activity in western North America. Wright, H.E. & W.H. Osburn (eds.), Arctic and Alpine Environments, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 308 pp.

Vreeken, W.J.. 1984. Soil-landscape chronograms for pedochronological analysis. Geoderma 34(2): 149-164.

Walmsley, M.E.. 1980. Describing Ecosystems In The Field. Tech. Rpt. 2, Prov. of B.C., Resource Analysis Branch.

Washburn, A.L.. 1967. Instrumental Observations Of Mass Wasting In The Mesters Vig District, Northwest Greenland. Medd. om Gronland Vol. 166, 296 pp.

Washburn, A.L.. 1960. Instrumentation for mass-wasting and patterned ground studies. Biul. Perygl., 8: 59-64

Wayne, W.J.. 1984. Relative dating techniques to distinguish Late Pleistocene-Holocene continental sediments. Chemical Geology, 44(1-3): 337-348

Wentworth, C.K.. 1922. A method for measuring and plotting the shapes of pebbles. USGS Bulletin, 730C: 91-114

Whalley, W.D.. 1976. Properties of Materials and Geomorphological Explanation.

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